@inproceedings{gent_learning_2010,
  title = {Learning {When} to {Use} {Lazy} {Learning} in {Constraint} {Solving}},
  abstract = {Learning in the context of constraint solving is a technique by which previously unknown constraints are uncovered during search and used to speed up subsequent search. Recently, lazy learning, similar to a successful idea from satisfiability modulo theories solvers, has been shown to be an effective means of incorporating constraint learning into a solver. Although a powerful technique to reduce search in some circumstances, lazy learning introduces a substantial overhead, which can outweigh its benefits. Hence, it is desirable to know beforehand whether or not it is expected to be useful. We approach this problem using machine learning (ML). We show that, in the context of a large benchmark set, standard ML approaches can be used to learn a simple, cheap classifier which performs well in identifying instances on which lazy learning should or should not be used. Furthermore, we demonstrate significant performance improvements of a system using our classifier and the lazy learning and standard constraint solvers over a standard solver. Through rigorous cross-validation across the different problem classes in our benchmark set, we show the general applicability of our learned classifier.},
  booktitle = {19th {European} {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence}},
  author = {Gent, Ian P. and Jefferson, Christopher A. and Kotthoff, Lars and Miguel, Ian and Moore, Neil and Nightingale, Peter and Petrie, Karen E.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {873--878},
  month_numeric = {8}
}